Operating systems (OS)

Operating systems (OS) 

Operating systems (OS)

Operating systems (OS) are essential software that act as intermediaries between computer hardware and users, ensuring the efficient management of resources. Their major functions include process management, memory management, file system management, device management, security, and user interface control. Process management is responsible for scheduling tasks, executing processes, and handling multitasking to ensure smooth system operation. Memory management optimizes RAM usage, allocates memory to active processes, and prevents conflicts or memory leaks that could degrade performance. File system management organizes data storage, providing methods for accessing, retrieving, and protecting stored files. Device management coordinates interactions between the OS and hardware peripherals such as printers, keyboards, and external drives. Lastly, security and access control safeguard the system from unauthorized access, enforcing user authentication, permissions, and encryption techniques. These functions collectively enable an OS to provide a stable and secure computing environment.

The structure of an OS is composed of various layers, each responsible for specific system operations. The kernel is the core of the OS, managing hardware interactions, process execution, and system resources. System calls serve as an interface between user applications and the OS, allowing programs to request services such as file access or memory allocation. Device drivers facilitate communication between hardware components and the OS, ensuring proper functionality of connected peripherals. The shell provides a user interface, either through a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), enabling users to interact with the system efficiently. The file system layer ensures structured data storage and retrieval, while the user application layer consists of programs that operate on top of the OS. These structural components interact seamlessly to ensure efficient and reliable computing experiences.

The concept map contains two primary nodes: Operating System Functions and Operating System Structure. Under each primary node, I have included seven connecting nodes to detail the key components associated with each topic. The connections between nodes illustrate how different components interact with each other, such as the relationship between process management and memory management in optimizing performance.



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